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BUDO - BIOGR.'s
JUDO
Jigoro Kano
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*1860@ Hamahigashi, Mikage, Hyogo, Nihon, Ref.s: [L00b1] |
Jigoro Kano nasceu a 28 de Outubro
de 1860, em Hamahigashi, vila de Herdou o apelido, Kano, de sua mãe Sadako,
que era a filha a mais velha de Em 1869, quando Jigoro tinha Em 1873, já reconhecido como um excelente estudante, Gigoro passou para Ikuei Giguku, uma escola onde cada disciplina era ensinada por professores Europeus, sendo o idioma das lições inglês ou alemão. O ano que passou nesta escola foi muito duro já que era frequentemente agredido pelos colegas mais velhos e mesmo pelos seus companheiros de quarto. No ano seguinte entrou na escola de Um dia, já com 15 anos, ele ouve Nakai
Baisei (um antigo membro da guarda pessoal do shogun) dizer que |
Jigoro Kano was born on October 28, 1860, at Hamahigashi, Mikage Village (today a part of Kobe City), Hyogo Prefecture, Japan. He was the third son in a family of three boys and two girls, and he was physically weak in his early years. His surname Kano came from his mother Sadako, who was the oldest daughter of a wealthy sake brewer in Nada, Shiga Prefecture. Since there were no son's to inherit the family business and carry the family name, when Jirosaku married her he consented to become an adopted member of the Kano household and take his bride's family name his own. In 1869, when Jigoro was only nine years old, his beloved mother died and, Jirosaku Kano, decided to send his son Gigoro, accompanied by his older brother, Kensaku, to the small private school of Seisatsusho Juku, in Tokyo. In 1873, being already recognized as a excelent student, Gigoro was moved to Ikuei Giguku, a school where every discipline, taught by European teachers, was lectured in either English or German. The year he spent at this school was very hard since he was often beaten up by older colleagues and even his roommates. Next year he entered Tokyo Foreign Language School and in 1875 he entered Kaisei an elite school, later to be named Tokyo Imperial University. Unhappily for him here again the tradition of harassing and beating young students was common. One day, when he 15 years old, he heard Nakai Baisei (a former member of shogun's personal guard) say that Ju-jutsu was an excellent form of physical training. He resolve to ask Baisei to teach him this art, but he refused, stating that Ju-jutsu was a thing of the past, completely inadequate for a boy like him. |
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Jigoro Kano com 17 anos de idade. |
Mas Kano estava firmemente
decidido a aprender Ju-jutsu, e assim, em 1877, encontra um pequeno dojo no distrito de Nihonbashi conduzido por Mestre Hachinosuke Fukuda da linha Tenshin Shinyo de Ju-jutsu. Apesar da sua fraqueza física cedo se revela um bom estudante de
Ju-jutsu e assim, dois anos mais tarde, em 1879, quando se organizou uma
demonstração de Budo em honra do presidente Ulysses Infelizmente, 9 dias depois da demonstração Fukuda Sensei morre e No ano seguinte, durante uma demonstração de Yoshin Ju-jutsu executada
na Universidade Imperial de Tokyo, pede para defrontar-se em Randori com Ichimon
Tozuka o filho Em Junho 1881 morre o seu Mestre Iso. No mês seguinte Jigoro Kano obtém
a sua licenciatura pelo Departamento da Literatura da Universidade de Tóquio
e Tem de procurar um novo professor de Ju-jutsu, assim, através de uma
carta de recomendação, chega a Iikubo Mestre da linhagem Kito-ryu
de Ju-jutsu, |
But Kano was firmly decided to
learn Ju-jutsu so, in 1877, he came to find a small dojo at Nihonbashi
District leaded by Master Hachinosuke Fukuda from the Tenshin
Shinyo lineage of Ju-jutsu.
Despite his physical weakness he revealed as a very good Ju-jutsu student so, two years later, in 1879, when a demonstration of Budo was organized in honour of U.S. President Ulysses Grant, one of the students choosed by Fukuda Sensei to participate was Kano. The President's enthusisastic reaction, saying that Ju-jutsu should be shown to the all world, deeply marked Kano. Unhappilly, 9 days after the demonstration Fukuda Sensei died and twenty years old Kano saw himself nominated by the master's family as Master of the dojo. Well aware of his inexperience he searched for Iso Sensei, the master who coupled Fukuda Sensei during the demonstration before President Grant and became his assistant. Next year a demonstration of the Yoshin style of Ju-jutsu was performed at Tokyo Imperial University and Kano asked for participation in Randori with Ichimon Tozuka the son of Master Hikosuke Tozuka. He felt overwhelmed by some of techniques of Yoshin-ryu Ju-jutsu and realized that, the development of Ju-jutsu, rather than be fixed on a particular school or method, should incorporate the best of each one, creating a whole new method. In June 1881 his Master Iso died. Next month Jigoro Kano graduated from the Literature Department of Tokyo University and immeadiately reentered, enrolling in a special one-year course in philosophy. He had to find a new Ju-jutsu so teacher so, through a letter of recommendation, he cames to Master Iikubo of Ju-jutsu's Kito-ryu lineage and became a student of that school. |
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Em Fevereiro de 1882, com o
acordo de seu mestre, Jigoro Kano, agora com 22 anos, leva consigo nove dos
seus mais próximos estudantes do dojo de Kito-ryu, e funda o seu próprio dojo no temple de Eishoji. Duas ou três vezes por semana Iikubo Sensei vai ao templo ajudar a treinar os estudantes de Kano. Kano baptiza o dojo de Kodokan e passa a dedicar-se à formulação
de um sistema de Ju-jutsu reformado fundado em princípios científicos,
integrando o combate com a instrução mental e física. Do Kito-ryu adopta
o "katamewaza" (técnicas no chão) e o "atemi-waza" (técnicas
de projecção) , mantendo as técnicas que se conformam aos princípios
científicos e rejeitando todas as Em 1884 são promulgados os Estatutos do Kodokan e Kano declara: "juntando as aptidões que adquiri junto das várias escolas de ju-jutsu, e adicionando meus próprios dispositivos e invenções, fundei um sistema novo para a cultura física, treino mental e treino de competição. A este método eu chamo Judo Kodokan. A sua paixão pela educação levou-o em Naquela época gerou-se uma feroz rivalidade entre os seguidores do Ju-jutsu tradicional e os adeptos do Judo. Porém, em breve, a superioridade do judo se tornaria evidente, especialmente após o Torneio de Artes Marciais de 1886 onde, em 15 encontros com escolas de Ju-jutsu, o Judo Kodokan venceu 12, perdeu dois e empatou um. |
In February 1882, with the
agreement of his Master, 22-year-old Jigoro Kano took nine of his private
students from the Kito-ryu dojo, and set up his own dojo in Eishoji Temple.
Iikubo Sensei came to the temple two or three times a week to help instruct
Kano's students.
Kano named the dojo Kodokan and dedicated himself to the formulation of a system of reformed Ju-jutsu founded on scientific principles, integrating combat training with mental and physical education. He borrowed the "katamewaza" (mat techniques) and "atemi-waza" (throwing techniques) of Kito-ryu, keeping the techniques that conformed to scientific principles and rejecting all others. All harmful and dangerous techniques were also eliminated. In 1884 the Kodokan by-laws were drawn up; Kano declared: "Taking together all the merits I have acquired from the various schools of jujitsu, and adding my own devices and inventions, I have founded a new system for physical culture, mental training and winning contests. This I call Kodokan Judo. His passion for education took him, in 1885, at the age of only 25, to headmaster of Gakushuin. There he imposed a strict discipline allowing his students to go home only on weekends, obliging them to perform menial tasks to teach them humility. He also took a revolutionary move at the time opening the doors to commoners. The all entire environment changed under Kano's administration, and not too surprisingly the parents of the students were full of admiration for the wonders being worked at Gakushuin. In those days a fierce rivalry arose between traditional Ju-jutsu followers and Judo pupils. But soon, the Judo superiority became evident, specially after the 1886 martial arts tournament where, in 15 matches against Ju-jutsu schools, Kodokan Judo winned 12, lost two and drew one tie. |
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Jigoro Kano com 31 anos de idade, no dia do seu casamento. |
Uma vez firmemente estabelecidas
as bases do Kodokan, os pensamentos de Kano viraram-se para a propagação do Judo numa âmbito nacional e eventualmente por todo o mundo. De facto, Kano embarcou para a sua primeira visita ultramarina em 1889, pelos auspícios do Ministério da Educação, encarregado de efectuar uma investigação sobre a os métodos educativos na Europa e aproveitou para espalhar as novidades sobre o novo desporto japonês - o judo. Em1894 um corpo consultivo foi criado, o Conselho do Kodokan.O Kodokan transformou-se oficialmente uma fundação em Maio de 1909. No mesmo ano Jigoro Kano foi eleito como representante Japonês do Comité Olímpico Internacional. Em abril de 1911 é criado o Departamento de Formação de Instrutores de
Judo. Em 1912, Kano tinha feito nada menos que nove viagens Em 1926 o Judo substitui o Ju-jutsu como disciplina oficial do programa de educação física das escolas japonesas. Em 1932 é fundada a Sociedade de Investigação Médica em Judo. No
mesmo ano o Presidente do Município de Tóquio sugere, durante uma visita ao
Kodokan, que Tóquio seja sede dos Jogos Olímpicos de 1940. Kano viaja para
Los Angeles para participar na 10ª Olimpíada. |
Once the Kodokan was firmly
established, Kano's thoughts turned toward the spread of judo on a
nationwide basis and eventually throughout the world. In fact, Kano went on
his first overseas visit in 1889, by the auspices of the Japanese Ministry
of Education, to carry research on education in Europe and he profited to
spread the good word about the new Japanese sport - Judo.
In1894 a consultative body, the Kodokan Council, was created. The Kodokan officially became a foundation in May 1909. At the same year Jigoro Kano is elected as Japanese representative of the International Olympic Committee. In April 1911 the Judo Teachers' Training Department was set up. By 1912, Kano had already made no less than nine trips abroad to create interest in the new Japanese sport. In 1922, the Kodokan Dan Grade Holders Association was organized. In 1926 Judo becomes official discipline in Japanese schools instead of Ju-jutsu. In 1932 the Judo Medical Research Society is founded. In the same year the Mayor of Tokyo visits the Kodokan and suggests that Tokyo will host the 1940 Olympic Games. Kano travels to Los Angeles to attend the 10th Olympiad. |
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Em 1934 o Kodokan comemora o
seu 50º aniversário. No mesmo ano Gigoro Kano visita Paris para encontrar-se com membros do COI para discutir a oferta de Tóquio para hospedar os Jogos Olímpicos de 1940 . Em 1935 Kano recebe o prémio Asahi para contribuições proeminentes nos No regresso dessa conferência a bordo os SS Hikawa Maru, contrai uma
pneumonia e morre a 4 de Maio de |
In 1934 the Kodokan celebrates
its 50th Anniversary. In the same year Jigoro Kano visits Paris to
meet members of the IOC concerning Tokyo's bid for the hosting of of the
1940 Olympic Games.
In 1935 Kano received the Asahi Prize for outstanding contributions in the fields of art, science and sports. Three years later he went to an IOC meeting in Cairo and succeeded in getting Tokyo nominated for the site of the 1940 Olympics at which judo was to be included as one of the events for the first time. On his way home from that momentous conference on board the SS Hikawa Maru on May 4, 1938, Jigoro Kano died from pneumonia. He was 78 years old. |
© Copyright José Patrão, 2002
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Nota Importante: Important Notice: |
O autor tem plena consciência de que as biografias aqui apresentadas são incompletas, que o grau de desenvolvimento que possuem não é de modo algum compatível com a importância de muitas das personalidades a que se referem e que muitas e importantes personalidades do mundo do Budo ainda não estão aqui referidas. Além disso, sendo um praticante português de Karate-do Shotokai, Murakami-kai, é natural que o autor esteja mais familiarizado com as biografias de personalidades desse estilo e escola e que, consequentemente, sejam as personalidades dessa linha que aqui apareçam referenciadas em primeiro lugar e com maior detalhe. O autor espera sinceramente que as omissões deste trabalho possam encorajar o leitor não só a investigar mais profundamente, com recurso às referências bibliográficas que se apresentam, e a outras, mas também a contribuir com as suas sugestões e correcções para o aperfeiçoamento deste trabalho. |
The author has full awareness that the biographies here presented are incomplete, that the degree of development is not, by no means, compatible with the importance of many of the personalities presented and that many and important personalities of the world of the Budo are still not related here. Moreover, being a Portuguese practitioner of Karate-do Shotokai, Murakami-kai, it is natural that the author is more familiar with the biographies of personalities of this style and school and that the personalities of this current appear here in first place and with bigger detail. The author waits sincerely that the defaults of this work can encourage the reader not only to investigate more deeply, through the bibliographical references presented here, and externally, but also to contribute with suggestions and corrections for the perfectioning of this work. |